When starting up a new project with Raspberry Pi I like to start up fresh and with a minimal OS. Therefore i always use Raspberry Pi OS(ROS) Lite and then adding what I need.
Doing it right You don't have to use an external display, keybord and
mouse, just a "ssh" client.
Flash to a SSD ? Check
this post.
Intro
If you been using ROS before you know that there always been a default,
active, user "pi" when installing. This have now, 2022-04,
changed
and you have to use the Raspberry Pi Imager(RPiI) and set a user.
With RPiI, >=v1.8.x, you also select hardware and will get a recommendation for preferable OS version.
Flash the SD card
Use RPiI and follow
these instructions.
Choose from one of the 2 versions with either 32 or 64 bit OS
- ROS, with desktop and recommended software
- ROS lite, minimal OS without desktop
If you just want the images they are
found here.
Nice to know is that RPiI stores the OS image in;
- Windows => C:\Users\<username>\AppData\Local\Raspberry Pi\Imager\cache
- Mac => /Users/<username>/Library/Caches/Raspberry\ Pi/Imager
RPi boot settings
Using the RPiI, advanced options, you have probably set;
- Hostname
- Enable SSH
- Set a username and password
- Configure wireless lan
- Local settings
Browse the content of the SD card and You will see a nice structure of
files and folders.
If you didn't active SSH above you can still, old way, create an empty file with the name "ssh", no extension, in the root of the SD card. This will enable ssh before it is actually configured. (See picture)
You now have to unmount the SD card.
Plug the SD card into Your RPi, connect the LAN cable.
Connect the mouse, keyboard, screen and power. Log on and continue with the configuration below.
OR
Use headless just connecting the power
Or just check with a ping in the Mac Terminal or similar for other OS
$ ping raspberrypi
PING raspberrypi.lan (192.168.1.79): 56 data bytes
64 bytes from 192.168.1.79: icmp_seq=0 ttl=64 time=247.129 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.79: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=8.676 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.79: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=3.914 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.79: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=1.865 ms
PING raspberrypi.lan (192.168.1.79): 56 data bytes
64 bytes from 192.168.1.79: icmp_seq=0 ttl=64 time=247.129 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.79: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=8.676 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.79: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=3.914 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.79: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=1.865 ms
Start Mac Terminal, or Windows putty, and logon with "ssh" and default password "raspberry"
$ ssh pi@raspberrypi
The authenticity of host 'raspberrypi (192.168.1.79)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:lNY6d3pAK5TDO5XLma3k2w0IgOkGBcs1wa1T7QGaXjk.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added 'raspberrypi' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
Warning: the ECDSA host key for 'raspberrypi' differs from the key for the IP address '192.168.1.79'
Offending key for IP in /Users/xxxxx/.ssh/known_hosts:5
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
pi@raspberrypi's password:
The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software;
the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the
individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright.
Debian GNU/Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent
permitted by applicable law.
SSH is enabled and the default password for the 'pi' user has not been changed.
This is a security risk - please login as the 'pi' user and type 'passwd' to set a new password.
pi@raspberrypi:~ $
The authenticity of host 'raspberrypi (192.168.1.79)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:lNY6d3pAK5TDO5XLma3k2w0IgOkGBcs1wa1T7QGaXjk.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added 'raspberrypi' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
Warning: the ECDSA host key for 'raspberrypi' differs from the key for the IP address '192.168.1.79'
Offending key for IP in /Users/xxxxx/.ssh/known_hosts:5
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
pi@raspberrypi's password:
The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software;
the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the
individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright.
Debian GNU/Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent
permitted by applicable law.
SSH is enabled and the default password for the 'pi' user has not been changed.
This is a security risk - please login as the 'pi' user and type 'passwd' to set a new password.
pi@raspberrypi:~ $
If the name doesn't work with the ssh command use the IP from the routers device list instead.
As You see in the log I have used this RPi before and the router is assigning it the same IP but with a new fingerprint(New OS). The easiest way to solve the problem is just to empty the file "known_hosts" on Your Mac.
First update the installation with
$ sudo apt update && sudo apt full-upgrade -y && sudo apt clean
If you didn't use the "Advanced options" or want to change/add anything
start the basic setup. Use up and down arrow to move, left right arrow
to select and Enter to confirm
$ sudo raspi-config
$ sudo raspi-config
And go through, at least, the following items
1 System Options
S3 Change User
Password
S4 Hostname
3 Interface options
I2 SSH
5 Localisations options
L1 Locale
(Swedish sv_SE ISO-8859-1)
L2
Timezone*
L3
Keyboard
L4 WLAN Country
then reboot
$ sudo reboot
Remarks
$ sudo reboot
Remarks
Log files
The logfiles can grew very big if you don't take care. Check the size with
journalctl --disk-usage
to limit the size to for example 500 MB, use command
sudo journalctl --vacuum-size=500M
or just 7 days
sudo journalctl --vacuum-time=7d
A good tutorial is found here.
FTP
Raspberry FTP can be found here https://downloads.raspberrypi.org
OS images
Lite
Full
Headless WiFi install
Use the RPi Imager to set it up.
Suite value
There could be a notice
xxxxx InRelease' changed its 'Suite' value from 'testing' to 'stable'
xxxxx InRelease' changed its 'Suite' value from 'testing' to 'stable'
which is solved with using
$ sudo apt-get update --allow-releaseinfo-change
Ready for USB boot ? Use an USB SSD, or other USB drive, to improve performance !
System information tool
Additional software
You should also check
Samba, RPi as a Windows fileserver, RPi as a
Apache webserver with PHP and
Rasbian lite with GUI, VNC, RDP, Chrome.Ready for USB boot ? Use an USB SSD, or other USB drive, to improve performance !
System information tool
A nice light weight app getting info about the system is Archey. Install the latest release with
wget https://github.com/HorlogeSkynet/archey4/releases/download/v4.15.0.0/archey4_4.15.0.0-1_all.deb
sudo apt install ./archey4_4.15.0.0-1_all.deb
And run with just archey
Checking SD-cards
Connect the card reader, with the SD card inserted, to Your client and format the card with SD Formatter and use the "Owerwrite Formate" option. This will also check that the SD card is OK.
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